Sosthene Munyemana, a Rwandan doctor, arrives for his trial on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity during the 1994 massacres in his home country, at a courthouse in Paris, France, November 14, 2023. GONZALO FUENTES/REUTERS

A Rwandan doctor went on trial in France on Tuesday on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity during the 1994 massacres in his home country, after one of the longest investigations by French authorities. Sixty-eight-year-old Sosthene Munyemana appeared before the Assize Court in the French capital nearly 30 years after a complaint was filed against him in the southwestern French city of Bordeaux in 1995.

The former gynecologist, accused of organizing torture and killings during the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda, arrived late for the hearing.

Wearing a blue striped shirt and a grey jacket, Munyemana apologized for the delay, before stating his identity.

He has lived in France since 1994.

Munyemana, who denies the charges, faces life in prison if convicted.

The trial, scheduled to last five weeks, will be recorded for historical archives. Nearly 70 witnesses are expected to testify.

It is the sixth trial in France of alleged participant in the massacres, in which around 800,000 people, most of them ethnic Tutsis, were slaughtered over 100 days.

"More time passes, the fewer witnesses we have."
"We're waiting for justice to be done at last," Rachel Lindon, a lawyer representing 26 victims, said ahead of the trial.

"The more time passes, the fewer witnesses we have," she added.

Marc Sommerer, president of the Assize Court, chalked up the length of the investigation to factors including the "need to carry out investigations abroad" and that France only set up a crimes against humanity unit in 2012.


In 2008, France rejected an asylum request by Munyemana, who worked in a hospital at Villeneuve-sur-Lot in southwest France for a decade.

But it also in 2010 rejected an extradition request from Rwanda after Munyemana's lawyers argued he could not receive a fair trial there.

In 2011, a French court charged the father of three on suspicion he took part in the 1994 genocide.

An ethnic Hutu, he lived in Butare in southern Rwanda at the time.

Munyemana was close to Jean Kambanda, the head of the interim government established after the plane carrying then-president Juvenal Habyarimana was shot down by a missile in 1994.

France has been one of the top destinations for fugitives fleeing justice over the Rwandan slaughter.

Rwanda under President Paul Kagame has accused Paris of not being willing to extradite genocide suspects or bring them to justice.

Since 2014, France has tried and convicted six figures including a former spy chief, two ex-mayors and a former hotel chauffeur.

Lawyer says Munyemana was in danger himself
"He was a doctor, a well-known man who was much appreciated," said Emmanuel Daoud, a lawyer for the International Federation of Human Rights (FIDH) and the Human Rights League (LDH), said of Munyemana, adding that "he could not have been unaware of what was happening."

Munyemana is accused of helping draft a letter of support for the interim government, which encouraged the massacre of the Tutsis. He is also accused of helping set up roadblocks to round up people and keeping them in inhumane conditions in local government offices before their execution.

Munyemana argues that the government offices to which he held the key served as a "refuge" for Tutsis who were seeking protection.

One of Munyemana's lawyers, Jean-Yves Dupeux, has argued that the case "rests only" on decades-old witness accounts.

Speaking to reporters on Tuesday, he argued that Munyemana did not take part in the killings but himself was in danger because "he was a moderate Hutu."

Munyemana worked as an emergency doctor in southwestern France before switching to geriatrics.

More than 800,000 people, mainly minority Tutsis, were massacred by Hutu soldiers and extremist militias in the Rwandan genocide from April to July 1994, according to UN figures.

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