Anna Corrigan, sister of two boys who died at the home, reacts at the excavation site of the Mother and Baby institution in Tuam, at the site in Co Galway, western Ireland, on July 7, 2025, ahead of excavations commencing. PAUL FAITH/AFP via Getty Images

Excavations begin Monday of an unmarked mass burial site at a former mother and baby home in western Ireland suspected of containing the remains of hundreds of infants and young children.

The planned two-year probe by Irish and foreign experts in Tuam comes more than a decade after an amateur historian first uncovered evidence of a mass grave there.

Subsequent 2016-2017 test excavations found significant quantities of baby remains in a subterranean disused septic tank at the location, which now sits within a housing complex.

Scientists say the remains are largely mixed together, the BBC reports, and a number of methods will be used to try to put remains back together and, where possible, identify them.

Catholic nuns ran a so-called "mother and baby" institution there between 1925 and 1961, housing women who had become pregnant outside of marriage and been shunned by their families.

After giving birth, some children lived in the homes too but many more were given up for adoption under a system that often saw church and state work in tandem.

The history of unwed Irish mothers forced into hard labor is well-documented. Oppressive and misogynistic, the institutions — which operated nationwide, some not closing until as recently as 1998 — represent a dark chapter in the history of once overwhelmingly Catholic and socially conservative Ireland.

A six-year enquiry sparked by the initial discoveries in Tuam found 56,000 unmarried women and 57,000 children passed through 18 such homes over a 76-year period.

It also concluded that 9,000 children had died in the various state- and Catholic Church-run homes nationwide.

Records unearthed show as many as 796 babies and young children died at the Tuam home over the decades that it operated.

Its grounds have been left largely untouched after the institution was knocked down in 1972 and housing was built there.

"They were denied dignity and respect"
"These children were denied every human right in their lifetime, as were their mothers," Anna Corrigan, whose two siblings may have been buried at the Tuam site, told reporters earlier this month.

"And they were denied dignity and respect in death."

Corrigan told the BBC that the start of the excavation was "both welcome and difficult."

"While it's a relief to see work started on the site, it's really only the latest stage in what is still a long road for all of us," she said. "I won't rest until I see justice for my two brothers who not only need a proper Christian burial but also the full rigors of the law applied."

Annette McKay, whose mother Maggie was sent to the home in Tuam when she was 17, told BBC Radio program that she believes her older sister Mary Margaret's remains could be in the mass grave.

"Mum's grave still doesn't have her name on the headstone," she told BBC Radio. "It has my brother's and it has my stepfather's and I was the one that said 'let's wait for Mary Margaret.'"

Ireland's Office of the Director of Authorised Intervention (ODAIT) will undertake the excavation, alongside experts from Colombia, Spain, Britain, Canada and the United States.

It will involve exhumation, analysis, identification if possible, and re-interment of the remains found, its director Daniel MacSweeney told a recent press conference in Tuam.

It follows local historian Catherine Corless in 2014 producing evidence that the 796 children — from newborns to a 9-year-old — had died at the home.

State-issued death certificates she compiled show that various ailments, from tuberculosis and convulsions to measles and whooping cough, were listed as the cause of death.

Corless' research indicated the corpses were likely placed in the disused septic tank discovered in 1975, while prompting the state-backed enquiries that have uncovered the full scandal of the homes.

The ODAIT team was finally appointed in 2023 to lead the Tuam site excavation.

DNA samples have already been collected from around 30 relatives, and this process will be expanded in the coming months to gather as much genetic evidence as possible, according to MacSweeney.

A 8-foot-high hoarding has been installed around the perimeter of the excavation area, which is also subject to 24-hour security monitoring to ensure its forensic integrity.

"It's been a fierce battle. When I started this nobody wanted to listen. At last we are righting the wrongs," Corless, 71, told AFP in May.

"I was just begging: 'take the babies out of this sewage system and give them the decent Christian burial that they were denied,'" she said.


Excavation workers seen on July 7, 2025, during the media briefing, ahead of the excavation at St Mary's home for unmarried mothers and their children which was run by the Bon Secours Sisters, a religious order of Catholic nuns in Tuam, Galway. Niall Carson/PA Images via Getty Images

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