The faint image of a hand stencil, a negative outline of a human hand created by placing a hand against a rock wall surface and spraying pigment paint around it, that has been dated to 67,800 years ago, in a limestone cave called Liang Metanduno on Muna, a small satellite island off the southeastern peninsula of the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, in this photograph released on January 21, 2026. Maxime Aubert/Handout via Reuters

A red stencil of a hand pressed against the wall of an Indonesian cave is the oldest rock art ever discovered, scientists said Wednesday, and sheds light on how humans first migrated to Australia.

The cave art dates back at least 67,800 years, according to research published in the journal Nature by a team of Indonesian and Australian archaeologists.

"We have been working in Indonesia for a long time," study co-author Maxime Aubert of Australia's Griffith University told AFP.

This time they ventured to caves on the island of Muna in the Sulawesi province on the advice of Indonesian archaeologist Adhi Agus Oktaviana, the study's lead author.

There they found "handprints in negative, stenciled, probably using red ochre," Aubert said.

The fingers of one of the hands were "retouched to become pointed like claws -- a style of painting only seen in Sulawesi," the Canadian archaeologist added.

Study co-author Adam Brumm told Reuters the claw-shaped design "had some deeper cultural meaning but we don't know what that was."

"I suspect it was something to do with these ancient peoples' complex symbolic relationship with the animal world," Brumm told Reuters.

To determine the art's age, the team took five-millimeter samples from "cave popcorn," which are small clusters of calcite that form on the walls of limestone caves.

Then they zapped the layers of rock with a laser to measure how the uranium decayed over time, compared to a more stable radioactive element called thorium.

This "very precise" technique gave the scientists a clear minimum age for the painting, Aubert explained.

At 67,800 years old, the Indonesian stencil is more than a thousand years older than other hand stencils found in a Spanish cave which has been attributed to Neanderthals. However the dating of that cave art "has been controversial," the study cautioned.

The new discovery is also more than 15,000 years older than previous art found in the Sulawesi region by the same team.

The scientists also established that the Muna caves had been used for rock art many times over a long period.

Some of the ancient art was even painted over up to 35,000 later, Aubert said.

A fork in the road
Beyond setting a new record, the art also offers clues for a long-running historical mystery.

Scientists have been divided about how Homo sapiens first journeyed from Asia to Australia.

They could have taken the northern route, travelling by boat through Indonesia islands including Sulawesi to Papua New Guinea.

These ancient humans could then have walked the rest of the way -- at the time, Papua New Guinea and Australia were both part of a supercontinent called Sahul.

Or the migrants could have taken the southern route, travelling through the islands of Sumatra, Java and Bali before heading for Timor. Then a boat ride was required to finally make it to Australia.

"These paintings provide the first evidence that modern humans were on these Indonesian islands at that time," Aubert said.

The discovery also "reinforces the idea that people arrived in Australia via Papua, perhaps around 65,000 years ago," he said.

But it could not be ruled that other people were also making their way to Australia via the southern route at the same time, he added.

The researchers also said that the paintings were very likely created by people closely linked to the ancestors of Indigenous Australians.

In 2018, Aubert led a team of scientists that found the oldest known example of an animal drawing: a red silhouette of a bull-like beast on the wall of a different Indonesian cave. Researchers said that sketch was at least 40,000 years old, slightly older than similar animal paintings found in famous caves in France and Spain.

Cave paintings of prehistoric marine life -- dating back more than 30,000 years -- have also been found at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea off southern France.

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